Middle Eastern Christian Identities in Europe

Abdelal, Rawi, Yoshiko Herrera, Alastair Johnston, and Rose McDermott. “Identity as a Variable.” Perspectives in Politics 4, no. 4 (2006): 695–711.

Armbruster, Heidi. Keeping the Faith: Syriac Christian Diasporas. Canon Pyon: Sean Kingston, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12337

Atto, Naures. Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses among the Assyrian/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2011.

Bakker Kellogg, Sarah. “Ritual Sounds, Political Echoes: Vocal Agency and the Sensory Cultures of Secularism in the Dutch Syriac Diaspora.” American Ethnologist 42, no. 3 (2015): 431–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12139

Barlai, Melani, Birte Fahnrich, Christina Griessler, and Markus Rhomberg, eds. The Migrant Crisis: European Perspectives and National Discourses. Zurich: Lit Verlag, 2017.

Barthoma, Soner Onder. “The Transformation of Social Capital among Assyrians in the Migration Context.” In Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation, 67–88, ed. Maria Hämmerli and Jean-François Mayer. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315599144

Baumann, Martin. “Templeisation: Continuity and Change of Hindu Traditions in Diaspora.” Journal of Religion in Europe 2, no. 2 (2009): 149–79. https://doi.org/10.1163/187489209X437026

Biswas, Bidisha. “Nationalism by Proxy: A Comparison of Social Movements among Diaspora Sikhs and Hindus.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 10, no. 2 (2004): 269–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537110490467702

Brambilla, Maria, Claudia Manzi, Camillo Regalia, Maja Becker, and Vivian Vignoles. “Is Religious Identity a Social Identity? Self-categorization of Religious Self in Six Countries.” Psicologia sociale 2 (2016): 189–98.

Brinkerhoff, Jennifer. “Diaspora Policy in Weakly Governed Arenas and the Benefits of Multipolar Engagement: Lessons from the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45, no. 4 (2019): 561–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409168

Brubaker, Rogers. Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.

Brubaker, Rogers, and Frederick Cooper. “Beyond ‘Identity’.” Theory and Society 29 (2000): 1–47.

Burchardt, Marian and Ines Michalowski, eds., After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe. Wiesbaden: Springer, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02594-6

Calhoun, Craig. “The Variability of Belonging: A Reply to Rogers Brubaker.” Ethnicities 3, no. 4 (2003): 558–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796803003004007

Cetrez, Önver. “The Next Generation Assyrians in Sweden: Religiosity as a Functioning System of Meaning within the Process of Acculturation.” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 14, no. 5 (2011): 473–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.484061

Chandra, Kanchan. “What is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter?” Annual Review of Political Science 9 (2006): 397–425.

Crisp, Richard and Miles Hewstone. “Multiple Categorization and Social Identity.” In Social Identity Processes: Trends in Theory and Research, edited by Dora Capozza and Rupert Brown. London: SAGE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446218617.n10

Czymara, Christian and Alexander Schmidt-Catran. “Refugees Unwelcome? Changes in the Public Acceptance of Immigrants and Refugees in Germany in the Course of Europe’s ‘Immigration Crisis.’” European Sociological Review 33, no. 6 (2017): 735–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcx071

Deaux, Kay. “Models, Meanings and Motivations,” in Social Identity Processes: Trends in Theory and Research, edited by Dora Capozza and Rupert Brown. London: SAGE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446218617.n1

Fawadleh, Hadeel. “The Migration Experiences of Palestinian Christians to the US: From a Socio-geographical Perspective.” In Palestinian Christians: Emigration, Displacement and Diaspora, 45–60, ed. Mitri Raheb. Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace, 2017.

Galal, Lise, Alistair Hunter, Fiona McCallum, Sara Sparre, and Marta Wozniak-Bobinska. “Middle Eastern Christian Spaces in Europe: Multi-sited and Super-diverse.” Journal of Religion in Europe 9, no. 1 (2016): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00901002

Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1983.

Glick Schmiller, Nina and Thomas Faist, eds., Migration, Development and Transnationalization: A Critical Stance. New York: Berghahn Books, 2010).

Hackett, Conrad. “5 Facts about the Muslim Population in Europe,” Fact Tank (blog), Pew Research Center. November 29, 2017. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/.

Haddad, Yvonne, and Joshua Donovan. “Good Copt, Bad Copt: Competing Narratives on Coptic Identity in Egypt and the United States.” Studies in World Christianity 19, no. 3 (2013): 208–32. https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2013.0058

Hage, Ghassan. “The Spatial Imaginary of National Practices: Dwelling – Domesticating/Being – Exterminating.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14, no. 4 (1996): 463–85. https://doi.org/10.1068/d140463

Hall, Stuart. “Who Needs ‘Identity’?” in Questions of Cultural Identity, 1–17, edited by Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay. London: Sage, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1068/d140463

Hanoosh, Yasemeen. “The Chaldean Church between Iraq and America: A Transnational Social Field Perspective.” In Minorities and the Modern Arab World: New Perspectives, 191–211, ed. Laura Robson. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2016.

Hobsbawm, Eric. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Hourani, Albert, and Nadim Shehadi, eds. The Lebanese in the World: A Century of Emigration. London: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 1992. https://doi.org/10.2307/1533900

Huggan, Graham. The Postcolonial Exotic. London: Routledge, 2001.

Hunter, Alistair. “Staking a Claim to Land, Faith and Family: Burial Location Preferences of Middle Eastern Christian Migrants.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 37, no. 2 (2016): 179–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2016.1141759

Hyndman-Rizik, Nelia. “‘Shrinking Worlds’: Cronulla, Anti-Lebanese Racism and Return Visits in the Sydney Hadchiti Lebanese Community.” Anthropological Forum 18, no. 1 (2008): 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00664670701858968

Jenkins, Richard. Social Identity. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008.

Jacobsen, Knut and Kristina Myrvold, eds. Sikhs in Europe: Migrations, Identities and Representations. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315609096

Kaya, Ayhan. Islam, Migration and Integration: The Age of Securitization. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009.

Levitt, Peggy, and Nina Glick Schiller, “Transnational Perspectives on Migration: Conceptualizing Simultaneity.” International Migration Review 38, no. 145 (2004): 595–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00227.x

Mack, Jennifer. The Construction of Equality: Syriac Immigration and the Swedish City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816698691.001.0001

Makko, Aryo. “In Search of a New Home: The Assyrian Diaspora in Sweden.” In Migration from Turkey to Sweden: Integration, Belonging and Transnational Community, ed. Bahar Başer and Paul T. Levin. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. 10.5040/9781350987180.ch-009

Malesevic, Sinisa. Identity as Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006.

Marzouki, Nadia. “The US Coptic Diaspora and the Limit of Polarization.” Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies 14, no. 3 (2016): 261–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2016.1210712

Massey, Douglas, Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino, and J. Edward Taylor. “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal.” Population and Development Review 19, no. 3 (1993): 431–66. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938462

McCallum, Fiona. Christian Religious Leadership in the Middle East: The Political Role of the Patriarch. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 2010.

McCallum, Fiona. “Christians in the Middle East: A New Sub-field?” International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 3 (2010): 486–88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743810000498

McCallum, Fiona. “Shared Religion but Still a Marginalized Other: Middle Eastern Christians Encounters with Political Secularism in the UK.” Journal of Church and State 61, no. 2 (2019): 242–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/csy006

Migratory Routes. Frontex. Accessed September 21, 2020, https://frontex.europa.eu/along-eu-borders/migratory-routes/western-mediterranean-route/.

Modood, Tariq. Post-Immigration ‘Difference’ and Integration: The Case of Muslims in Western Europe. London: British Academy, 2012.

O’Brien, Peter. The Muslim Question in Europe: Political Controversies and Public Philosophies. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2016.

O’Malley, Eoin and Dawn Waslh. “Religion and Democratization in Northern Ireland: Is Religion actually Ethnicity in Disguise?” Democratization 20, no. 5 (2013): 939–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.801259

Odmalm, Pontus. Migration Policies and Political Participation: Inclusion or Intrusion in Western Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005.

Raj, Dhooleka. “Who the Hell Do You Think You Are? Promoting Religious Identity among Young Hindus in Britain.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 23, no. 3 (2000): 535–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198700328980

Ramzy, Carolyn. “Singing Strategic Multiculturalism: The Discursive Politics of Song in Coptic-Canadian Protests.” In Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition and Modernity, 93–106, ed. Pieternella van Doorn-Harder. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv6wgmcb.13

Robson, Laura. “Recent Perspectives on Christianity in the Modern Arab World.” History Compass 9, no. 4 (2011): 312–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00767.x

Samir, Samir Khalil. “The Christian Communities, Active Members of Arab Society throughout History.” In Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East, edited by Andrea Pacini, 67–91. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.

Schmoller, Andreas. “Anti-Islamic Narratives of Middle Eastern Diaspora Christians: An Interdisciplinary Analytical Framework,” in Eastern and Oriental Christianity in the Diaspora, edited by Herman Teule and Jos Verheyden, 189–211. Leuven: Peeters, 2020.

Schmoller, Andreas. “Middle Eastern Minorities in Diaspora.” In Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East, ed. Paul S. Rowe. London: Routledge, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315626031-26

Schmoller, Andreas. “Now My Life in Syria is Finished: Case Studies on Religious Identity and Sectarianism in Narratives of Syrian Christian Refugees in Austria.” Islam and Christian Muslim Relations 27, no. 4 (2016): 419–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2016.1208956

Schmoller, Andreas. “Of Safe Havens and Sinking Ships: The Church in Oral Histories of Middle Eastern Christians in Austria.” In Middle Eastern Christians and Europe: Historical Legacies and Present Challenges, 147–98, ed. Andreas Schmoller. Vienna: LIT Verlag, 2018.

Shakkour, Suha. “Learning to be British: The Significance of Education for Christian Palestinians in London.” In Middle Eastern Christians and Europe: Historical Legacies and Present Challenges, 105–24, ed. Andreas Schmoller. Vienna: LIT Verlag, 2018.

Simon, Bernd and Bert Klandermans. “Politicized Collective Identity: A Social Psychological Analysis.” American Psychologist 56, no. 4 (2001): 319–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.4.319

Smith, Anthony. “Interpretations of National Identity.” In Modern Roots: Studies of National Identities, edited by Alain Dieckhoff and Natividad Gutiérrez. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2001. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315248752

Sparre, Sara Lei. “(In)visibility and the Muslim Other: Narratives of Flight and Religious Identity among Iraqi Christians in Denmark.” Ethnicities. August 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796820949279

Sparre, Sara Lei and Lise Paulsen Galal. “Incense and Holy Bread: The Sense of Belonging through Ritual among Middle Eastern Christians in Denmark.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, no. 16 (2017): 2649–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1389029

Stene, Nora. “Belonging to the Church Community: From Childhood Years Onwards.” In Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition and Modernity, 134–48, ed. Pieternella van Doorn-Harder. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv6wgmcb.16

Stene Preston, Nora. “Multiple Choice? Language‐usage and the Transmission of Religious Tradition in the Coptic Orthodox Community in London.” British Journal of Religious Education 20, no. 2 (2006): 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141620980200204

Stryker, Sheldon and Peter Burke. “The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory.” Social Psychology Quarterly 63, no. 4 (2000): 284–97. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2695840

Taouk, Youssef, Margaret Ghosn, Anthony Steel, and Jude Butcher. “Maronite Church and Youth Identity in Australia.” The Australasian Catholic Record 89, no. 3 (2012): 299–310.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. Population Facts. December 2017. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/popfacts/PopFacts_2017-5.pdf.

Vertovec, Steven. Transnationalism. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009.

Vieillard-Baron, Hervé.“Les chrétiens assyro-chaldéens à Sarcelles : de l’invisibilité à l’affichage Communautaire.” In Dieu change en ville: religion, espace, immigration, 93–112, ed. Lucine Endelstein, Sébastien Fath, and Séverine Mathieu. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010.

Von Hermanni, Hagen and Robert Neumann. “‘Refugees Welcome?’ The Interplay between Perceived Threats and General Concerns on the Acceptance of Refugees – A Factorial Survey Approach from Germany.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45, no. 3 (2019): 349–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1459183

Wozniak-Bobinska, Marta. “Big Fat Assyrian/Syriac Weddings: Rituals and Marriage Traditions among Middle Eastern Christians in Sweden.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, no. 16 (2017): 2684–2700. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1389036